Effect of Marriage on Mental Health

Impact of Marriage on Mental Health Sara Zafarullah Sheik (GN12119) As per World Health Organization, a person with great psychological well-being can adapt to the pressure of regular day to day existence, knows their own capacities and work gainfully in each perspective to add to the network. Then again marriage is characterized as an association of a couple in a widespread and genuine relationship perceived by law and social organization (Watkins, 2013). Them two have a major impact over one another and are influenced by one another (Ostwald, 2009) In my view marriage adds to a more advantageous society, developing a different unit called family, which is simultaneously part of the general public all in all. This serves society by its youngsters, by work of its individuals and through different perspectives. It gives keeping of conventions and proceeds with ages advancing social part of society. In this way, it is viewed as column to the general public. Goesling Avellar (2010) states union with add to an individual’s passionate and social advantages in all viewpoints along these lines contributing its part in physical wellbeing also. Notwithstanding the reality, marriage is viewed as not implied for mental patients considering them not equipped for taking duties, perilous for the life partner and lacking of their self-character, adding it to their social disgrace (Gray, 2011). While haggling with my patient, I perceived the earnestness of this issue and chose to think about it in order to accentuate the significance of m arriage in the public eye and its psychological well-being benefits. On my clinical turn to Karachi Psychiatric Hospital, I was doled out to meet an old woman; 42 years of age determined to have Schizophrenic neurotic with side effects of forcefulness, mental trips, substantial hallucinations, touchiness and self-talk. Upon connection she seemed responsive and agreeable. As indicated by the patient, she was went with to the emergency clinic by her mom. On taking the family ancestry, tolerant verbalized of having four sisters and one sibling. She further verbalized that every one of her kin are hitched. As indicated by the customer just she was not permitted by her mom to get hitched paying little mind to her desire of getting hitched like her different sisters. Upon close perception she was by all accounts pulled in towards other gender. She even took a few names that she verbalized of getting hitched with however in the end likewise stated, â€Å"they won't wed me.† No pointers for sexual maltreatment were discovered which obviously mirrored h er need and wish of getting into a protected relationship that furnishes her with help and character, which was currently a prerequisite of her age also. She verbalized her commitment in the substance maltreatment because of this explanation. Looking at the social setting, guardians hold the total expert for picking accomplices for their youngsters in eastern culture though, in western culture kids reserve the option to pick their mate and settled on choices for their future life. Nock proposed the hypothesis of training job of union with clarify the wonder that wedded individuals are found to devour energizing and pleased lives than unmarried companion (2005). As the foundation oblige duty on both of the mates and infers confirmation to them two making a colossal space for positive change. Men will in general change, as before marriage they live less sound lives and are substantially more associated with risky practices including substance misuse drinking and vehicle dashing. They work consistently, tend to include more in strict practices and become future situated. Ladies are commonly seen to be dependable since youth and less engaged with hostile to social practices. As per Loveless Tolman (2007) ladies consider themselves complete after marriage. Ladies appreciate responsibilities and obligations after marriage, they love being occupied with youngsters, life partner and family unit errands. On the off chance that this sensorium of fulfillment isn't accomp lished they get enjoyed against social practices model, substance misuse and are inclined towards dysfunctional behavior. Wood (2007), surmised that unmarried ladies show more burdensome indications than the ones wedded. My patient additionally needed to live like a wedded ladies getting a charge out of all responsibility a conjugal life grasps. As she was unable to accomplish the by and large objective she began utilizing substance maltreatment to reduce the feeling of unsatisfaction. Marriage adds to psychological wellness by offering resulting help and enthusiastic closeness, making feeling of self-character and self-esteem, fabricating a fulfilled association between two accomplices, making the natural human need to satisfy (Wood, 2007). As indicated by Howell (2009), report on marriage and emotional well-being, result of numerous irregular example examines uncovered that marriage makes people less inclined to have mental disease. Marriage guarantees commitment of accomplices in less hazard taking exercises and furthermore it impacts the quality and size of additions. An examination uncovered that middle of the road paces of mental issue were found in bereft, most noteworthy in separated and isolated while wedded individuals had the least rates among them. Investigation of 80,000 suicides in U.S, likewise demonstrated that self destruction is submitted less by wedded ladies contrasted with unmarried ones. They characterize themselves less burdensome and sincere ly more advantageous than unmarried ones. Relating it to my clinical situation the patient likewise required enthusiastic solidness, self-value, an accomplice to whom she can share her feelings, and her own family. Neither had she needed the disease nor depression. In this manner, she began saying that she is experiencing tuberculosis related with physical daydreams denying the way that she had any emotional well-being issue. In the public arena explicitly Pakistani society, psychological maladjustment is considered as social disgrace leaving it to be ignored. Mediations ought to be applied on individual, gathering and national level. At singular level customers ought to be permitted to ventilate their emotions furnishing them with help. In relationship with the social insurance experts at bunch level these patients ought to be engaged with various recovery treatments to work with their creativities and discover qualities in them utilizing restorative method of correspondence, which would assist them with upgrading their confidence and assemble feeling of self value. Entangling my patient in the word related treatment I approached her to exhaust seeds for new plant to construct an expectation and see new dawns throughout her life. Family bolster assumes a basic job for these individuals to see their lives in positive face. At people group level foundations ought to be framed to accumulate these individual s helping each other to fill unfilled holes of their lives. At state level strategies ought to be defined for unmarried experiencing psychological sickness. To finish up it is essential to understand the likely need of each individual for a buddy, the private love one needs throughout everyday life. As per Carl Rogers, this is human’s essential nature of an inherent need of warmth and acknowledgment from the mate. Every single one has an option to have accomplice, and proclaiming an individual not intellectually fit and consequently, not permitting the individual to get hitched makes the individual increasingly inclined to dysfunctional behavior. References Australian Institute of Family Studies, Vaus,D.D. (2002).Marriage and emotional wellness. Howell,P. (2009).Healthy relationships and emotional wellness. Hurvitz,N., Straus,R.A. (1991).Marriage and Family Therapy: A Sociocognitive Approach. Sydney, Australia. Mathis,D. (2012).Preparing for Marriage: Desiring God Foundation. Mishra,D.K., Alreja,S., Sengar,S.K., Singh,A.R. (2009). Understanding and its relationship with shame in mental patients.Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 18(1). Pollett,H. (2007, June 18).Mental Health Promotion: A writing Review. Scott,L.A., Holman,T.B. (2007).The Family in the New Millennium: World Voices Supporting the Natural Clan. Simon,R.W. (2012, July 23). The Relationship among Marriage and Mental Health. Psychiatry Weekly,7(14). Wilson,C.M., Ostwald,A.J. (2005, May).How Does Marriage Effect Physical and Psychological Health? A Survey of the Longitudinal Evidence. Wood,R.G., Goesling,B., Avellar,S. (2007).The Effects of Marriage on Heath: A Synthesis of Recent Research Evidence(9). Division of Human and Health Services.

The Potential Role of Large Tour Operators for the Implementation

Chapter by chapter guide Table of figures 2 List of contractions 2 Introduction and reason articulation 3 The potential job of huge visit administrators for the usage of practical gracefully chain the executives in the travel industry End 5 Bibliography 7 1 Table of figures Fig. 1: Exemplary the travel industry flexibly chain 5 List of shortened forms NGO Non-administrative association SC gracefully chain SSCM supportable flexibly chain the board TOI Tour Operators Initiative for Sustainable Tourism Development 2 Introduction and reason statementWith an exponentially developing populace, the movement business is relied upon to develop essentially sooner rather than later. Simultaneously, extraordinary partner bunches represent a ton of weight on this industry. Visitor are picking up familiarity with the negative effects of mass the travel industry on the earth just as socio-monetarily. Thus the interest for „green tourismâ€Å"-arrangements is expanding. Moreover, the money related market, governments just as NGOs progressively apply influence on the business to rehearse increasingly economical the travel industry by methods for legislation.Moreover, an unblemished domain is the priceless resource for the travel industry, protecting it implies serving the self-safeguarding of the travel industry. 1 Indisputably, the travel industry needs to change into an all the more ecologically inviting and maintainable business. The execution of natural administration frameworks just as the arrangement of the entire flexibly affix are significant devices to help this change. In this paper I picked the visit administrator phase of the gracefully chain as the point of convergence, since it goes about as a connection between the flexibly and request side of tourism.Hereafter, I present how the auxiliary properties of enormous visit administrators give them unique obligation to advance the usage of economical gracefully chain the board (SSCM) frameworks in the travel industry. The potential job of huge visit administrators for the usage of feasible flexibly chain the executives in the travel industry Tourism, the same as different enterprises, is sorted out in gracefully chain (SC) structures since its items/administrations are made out of various components as e. g. ransportation, diversion, travel organizations and settlement. 2 Aiming for supportability consequently intends to take a stab at a drawn out progress of the monetary, social and natural execution, of a secluded organization or item as well as its entire SC. This idea is likewise referred to writing as the â€Å"triple base line†-approach. 3 Suring and Muller characterize SSCM as â€Å"the the board of material, data and capital streams just as participation among organizations along the flexibly chain while taking objectives from each of the three components of maintainable turn of events, I. e. financial, ecological and social, into account which are gotten from client and partner requirementsâ€Å". 4 Large visit administrators take after a key job in this star grouping since they have the way to 1 2 Clarke (1997) Sigala (2008) 3 Kleindorfer, Singhal and Van Wassenhove (2005) 4 Seuring and Muller (2002), p. 1700 3 converse coordinations estimation components B the board, straightforwardness and partner exchange Worldwide ecological detailing of inns, carriers, goals, shareholdings and at each progression of the worth chain with a consistent improvement process ritically audits thethe practicesidentifying the SCM instruments as well as significance of and induceis additionally featured in economical SCM impact writing for of the individual providers wholesalers data the execution ? writing; Seuring and Muller [20] detailed that insuf? cient or basic achievement factors for actualizing the previous. of al. [24] identi? ed three SC instruments to manage the missing SC correspondence a travel industry streams, Cigolini etSSCM-rehearses also asnamely data scattering and volumeisof significant obstruction to reasonable SCM execution. ools, coordination and control instruments, and association apparatuses. which in a roundabout way impacts the monetary advancement of the movement control devices areIt is a piece of Coordination and goals. used to screen and inInformation devices (e. g. online associations, robotized identi? cation ? uence the dynamic procedure, by estimating exhibitions frameworks, for example, standardized tags and shared databases) are used to their transmit to go about as â€Å"gatekeepers† while linkingand setting rewards basedcustomers. Knowing the providers to the on the accomplishment of specific outcomes. An assemble, break down, functionand share information, with respect to client information, SC execution decimal measuring standard, including a set start to finish stock status and areas, request status, costs that it becomes clear that visit administrators may likewise essentially performancethe structure bothof parameters that impact measurements of the entire SC (as completely depict the related information and execution status.Data sharing guarantees that apparent by end are frequently bound on-screen character of taking part individuals will be items areuse of partook in-on the grounds that supplierscustomers, and of e ach to this the chain), is segments their ready to make made out of a need for guaranteeing reliability and responsibility [25]. development to help structure and convey items that ful? l client Hence, rather than utilitarian cost-situated measurements necessities all the more rapidly and 6effectively.Visibility of position in the SC visit administrators act likewise as hubs for that are regularly dispersion channel. Because of their focal perforachieved to the detriment of another part, coordinated measurements are mance measurements empowers individuals to address creation and quality correspondence between the various substances of required. Be that as it may, inquire about in SCM execution estimation has gives all the more rapidly allowing increasingly deft interest arranging. The SC, with correspondence being a basic factor for the effective usage of SSCM-rehearses. The travel industry Demand Providers of the travel industry framework Hotels, resorts, golf courts, eateries, his torical centers and other the travel industry related providers, for example, water and influence gracefully, street foundation air terminals and so forth Tour administrators Travel Agents Other the travel industry go-betweens, for example, web sites, goal associations and so forth Leisure voyagers Conference explorers and so on Direction of cash, reports, and data streams Fig. 1. The travel industry flexibly chain. Fig. 1 Exemplary the travel industry flexibly chain (Sigala, 2008, p. 1591) Tour administrators can draw benefits from advancing SSCM-rehearses along their SC.Since any exertion made to make the own item or administration progressively ecological amicable is seen well among clients (in any event as long that doesn't drive up the value), the visit administrators can transform this picture improvement into a one of a kind selling point. For example TUI utilizes a self-structured condition positioning to assess their items. 8 This looks like a rationale reaction to the deve loping open consciousness of ecological effect of mass the travel industry and goes about as an impetus for the visit administrators to assess the natural execution of their providers (e. . trough ISO 14001, EMAS or comparative affirmation ideas). 9 Even however most of the enormous visit administrators do have a manageability approaches set up, the genuine effect on their business is so far inadequate. Visit administrators frequently attempt to legitimize this trough an absence of interest and express that most of clients looks for bundles of the least cost. Be that as it may, the nature of the travel industry items has it, that the voyagers themselves are co-creating the item, while it is being devoured, which makes them section 5 6Tepelus (2005), Budeanu (2009) Van Wijk and Persoon (2006) 7 Sigala (2008) 8 Clarke (1997) 9 Budeanu (2009) 4 of the flexibly chain. 10 at the end of the day, executing a SSCM in the travel industry additionally envelops the instruction of the customer. Visit administrators are predestinated for this assignment, since their situation in the SC permits them to practice impact over the purchasers decisions. In any case, this is asking a great deal from administrators, since the visit working business is an exceptionally serious industry went with generally low net revenues of about 2% and client unwaveringness being not actually widespread.This likely could be a piece of the motivation behind why a ton of visit administrators seek after â€Å"green washing† without truly captivating in long haul SSCM-changes. 11 Another one of the principle issues plainly is the assortment of confirmation plans and the low support of providers. It is far fetched that an individual mark will arrive at a minimum amount in national the travel industry, despite the fact that the foundation of a globally perceived brought together name could be an integral asset: it could assist with diminishing buyer disarray and go about as a marker for quality for those sightseers scanning for green the travel industry administrations, expanding credibility.If visit administrators feel constrained to look for providers conveying this particular name so as to meet their clients needs, likewise providers would need to agree to it in shirking of taking a chance with their business relationship to the visit administrator. This would furnish the administrators with a more extensive scope of confirmed items to look over. 12 For this situation, it would need to be guaranteed, that this accreditation can't be acquired by underhanded methods or through only an individual assessment to dodge the claim of â€Å"green washingâ€Å". Right now, most visit administrators apply their own principles, custom-made to their business exercises. 3 This is mostly because of the reality, that numerous affirmation plans address little scope the travel industry when it is actually the mass the travel industry that necessities to green the business. In spite of the way that Europe is a precursor in the maintainability conversation, there are not really any guidelines with respect to the visit administrator business. Visit administrators should be furnished with more grounded motivators and compelling devices to proactively upgrade their own and their SC’s supportability execution. 14 Conclusion Sustainable advancement in the travel industry I

How to Manage Your Body During a Panic Attack

How to Manage Your Body During a Panic Attack Social Anxiety Disorder Print Managing Your Symptoms During a Panic Attack By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 17, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Peter Dazeley / Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Underlying Causes   Evolutionary Origins   Panic Cycle Diagnosis Management   View All If you suffer from social anxiety, you may have experienced what is known as a panic attack in social or performance situations. Although panic attacks are generally thought of in relation to panic disorder, panic can also be a problem for those with social anxiety disorder (SAD). The difference is that panic is triggered by a specific type of social or performance situation. Imagine that you are required to give a speech. For days and weeks ahead of the event, you might experience anticipatory anxiety about the performance. Although anxiety is uncomfortable, it usually is not the same as the dread and terror that are experienced during a panic attack. In the moments leading up to your speech and during the time that you are in front of the audience, however, you may feel as though you start to lose control. Your heart races, your hands shake, your mouth goes dry, and you feel nauseous. Those are common symptoms of a panic attack. Underlying Causes   In order to gain control of your panic symptoms, it can be helpful to understand the physiological reaction that underlies them. The first trigger in the chain of events happens in your brain. Chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters send signals to different brain structures that influence processes in your body. In the case of panic, it is believed that levels of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin, and the brain structures are known as the amygdala and hypothalamus, play a primary role. Once signals are initiated in the brain, there is an activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the fight-or-flight response you experience while giving your speech. Adrenaline is released into your bloodstream, which causes feelings of panic along with a host of bodily changes, such as increased heart rate, shortness of breath, sweating, and dizziness. Evolutionary Origins   The evolutionary purpose of this reaction in your body is to mobilize you to deal with a physical threat. The body is preparing you to run, fight, or flee the situation by directing blood flow toward vital organs and slowing your digestion. The problem is that there is no physical threat, and the excess energy is detrimental to your situation, rather than helpful. Research Suggests Biological Cause of Panic Disorder Panic Cycle As you notice the symptoms of panic in your body, you may make the situation worse. Perhaps you are speaking to the audience and have trouble catching your breath. Anxiety causes you to take even more shallow and rapid breaths, leaving you feeling dizzy and faint; a very real result of hyperventilation. Fear of your symptoms can then create a vicious cycle whereby anxiety prolongs the release of adrenaline. How to Cope From a Panic Cycle Developing in Social Anxiety Disorder Diagnosis If you suffer from panic in social or performance situations and have not seen a mental health professional or medical doctor, it is advisable to make an appointment. Obtaining a proper assessment of your symptoms is the first step toward overcoming social anxiety. If a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder (SAD) is given, you will then be offered treatment, such as medication or cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) that will help to control your symptoms. Management   Although it can be difficult to control your emotions, the best reaction to a panic attack is to allow the feelings to come and then go. Your parasympathetic nervous system will eventually return your body to a state of rest as adrenaline is reabsorbed. Your reaction to panic can, in part, determine how long the attack will continue. It is important, however, to learn how to cope in the future so that you can enter these types of situations without the same fear and dread. Get Relief With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

How to Manage Your Body During a Panic Attack

How to Manage Your Body During a Panic Attack Social Anxiety Disorder Print Managing Your Symptoms During a Panic Attack By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 17, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Peter Dazeley / Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Underlying Causes   Evolutionary Origins   Panic Cycle Diagnosis Management   View All If you suffer from social anxiety, you may have experienced what is known as a panic attack in social or performance situations. Although panic attacks are generally thought of in relation to panic disorder, panic can also be a problem for those with social anxiety disorder (SAD). The difference is that panic is triggered by a specific type of social or performance situation. Imagine that you are required to give a speech. For days and weeks ahead of the event, you might experience anticipatory anxiety about the performance. Although anxiety is uncomfortable, it usually is not the same as the dread and terror that are experienced during a panic attack. In the moments leading up to your speech and during the time that you are in front of the audience, however, you may feel as though you start to lose control. Your heart races, your hands shake, your mouth goes dry, and you feel nauseous. Those are common symptoms of a panic attack. Underlying Causes   In order to gain control of your panic symptoms, it can be helpful to understand the physiological reaction that underlies them. The first trigger in the chain of events happens in your brain. Chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters send signals to different brain structures that influence processes in your body. In the case of panic, it is believed that levels of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin, and the brain structures are known as the amygdala and hypothalamus, play a primary role. Once signals are initiated in the brain, there is an activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the fight-or-flight response you experience while giving your speech. Adrenaline is released into your bloodstream, which causes feelings of panic along with a host of bodily changes, such as increased heart rate, shortness of breath, sweating, and dizziness. Evolutionary Origins   The evolutionary purpose of this reaction in your body is to mobilize you to deal with a physical threat. The body is preparing you to run, fight, or flee the situation by directing blood flow toward vital organs and slowing your digestion. The problem is that there is no physical threat, and the excess energy is detrimental to your situation, rather than helpful. Research Suggests Biological Cause of Panic Disorder Panic Cycle As you notice the symptoms of panic in your body, you may make the situation worse. Perhaps you are speaking to the audience and have trouble catching your breath. Anxiety causes you to take even more shallow and rapid breaths, leaving you feeling dizzy and faint; a very real result of hyperventilation. Fear of your symptoms can then create a vicious cycle whereby anxiety prolongs the release of adrenaline. How to Cope From a Panic Cycle Developing in Social Anxiety Disorder Diagnosis If you suffer from panic in social or performance situations and have not seen a mental health professional or medical doctor, it is advisable to make an appointment. Obtaining a proper assessment of your symptoms is the first step toward overcoming social anxiety. If a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder (SAD) is given, you will then be offered treatment, such as medication or cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) that will help to control your symptoms. Management   Although it can be difficult to control your emotions, the best reaction to a panic attack is to allow the feelings to come and then go. Your parasympathetic nervous system will eventually return your body to a state of rest as adrenaline is reabsorbed. Your reaction to panic can, in part, determine how long the attack will continue. It is important, however, to learn how to cope in the future so that you can enter these types of situations without the same fear and dread. Get Relief With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Snoezelen Therapy Dementia and Alzheimer´s Disease in...

In long term care homes in Canada, the Alzheimer Society states that there are more than 500,000 people who have been diagnosed with dementia. (Alzheimer, 2012, p,1) This is a disease that affects one’s brain and is characterized by â€Å"changes in the cognitive, psychomotor, emotional and behavioural domains† (Cruz, Marques, Barbosa, Figueiredo, Sousa, 2011, p.282) of the brain. There has been research done more recently that suggests that a new technology called multi-sensory therapy or Snoezelen therapy may be able to maintain or improve some of the remaining abilities in a patient suffering from dementia such as self-care or communication. Multi-sensory, or interchangeably Snoezelen therapy was developed in the 1970’s by therapists working to find treatments for those with mental illness. â€Å"Their intention was to provide people who had sensory and learning disabilities the opportunity for relaxation and leisure experience.† (Burns, Cox, Plant , 2000, p.120) The concept of Snoezelen aims to stimulate senses without the need for one to take part in intellectual activity. It also offers patients a ‘failure-free’ approach suggesting that there is no pressure to achieve or succeed. (Burns, et al., 2000, p. 120) To stimulate the senses, Snoezelen uses mixtures of light, smells, taste, and touch accessed through one’s sensory organs being the mouth, nose, eyes, ears, and skin. With the introduction of Snoezelen into the realm of long-term care and dementia, the aim is to

Monetary Authority And The Natural Fiscal Authorities - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3783 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION Fiscal policy refers the setting of the level of government spending and taxation by the government policy makers. It is the combination of taxes and public expenditure to help dampen the swing of the business cycle and contribute to the maintenance of a growing high-employment economy free from high or volatile inflation. In the other words fiscal policy refers a policy which is an important tool for managing the affairs between government income and expenditure. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Monetary Authority And The Natural Fiscal Authorities" essay for you Create order It is the basic management to manage macroeconomics stability and fostering economic growth. At present a number of reform programs are used for stream line public expenditure and revenue management. The government collects large share of revenue from taxation. Public revenue consists of two parts for collection of tax. These are direct tax and indirect tax. From these two types of taxes government earns 80% of total revenue for bearing all kinds of expenditure. Without these taxes government collects revenue other sources i.e. fee, charge, toll etc. A tax is a compulsory contribution from the person to the government to defray the expense in the common interest of all without reference to special benefits E.R.A. Seligman. An economic development of a country depends on the level of fan collection. Higher the collection of tax stronger the economy. Public expenditure is another important segment of the fiscal management of the government. Expenditure includes educational expenses, welfare, defense, subsidy etc. The most significant function of government is the formulation and implementation of a sound fiscal policy. Fiscal policy influences saving investment and growth in the long run. In the short run the primary effect of fiscal policy is on the aggregate demand for goods and services. In the short run the primary effect of fiscal policy is on the aggregate demand for goods and services. Literature Review In order to analyze the game between the monetary authority and the natural fiscal authorities in monetary union the starting point is considering macroeconomic policy as conducted through two instruments, monetary and fiscal policy. It is generally accepted that the economic decisions made in one country can have significant spillover effect on other economics (Frankel and Rockett, 1986). This led to significant pressure for government to coordinate their economic policy. The issues of policy coordination between one country and other countries that cooperate across them have had a central place in the literature on the design of macroeconomic policies in the EMU. This is no surprising given that EMU is to a certain extent an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“experimental laboratoryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? representing a very interesting case study. Some of the literature review about fiscal policy has been given in the below: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fiscal policy we mean the se thing of taxes and public expenditures to help dampen the swings of the business cycle and contribute to the maintenance of a growing, high employment economy free from high or volatile inflation Keynesian approach believed that fiscal policy was like knob they could turn to control or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fine-tuneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? the pace of the economy. A bigger budget deficit meant more stimulus for aggregate demand, which could lower unemployment an pull the economy out of recession. A budget surplus could slow down an overheated economy and dampen the threat of inflationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Samuelson, P.A. and Nordhus, W.D., 2006). Beetsma and Bovenberg (1998) focus their attention on the interaction between monetary fiscal policies in monetary union. They found that monetary union with decentralized fiscal policies and centralized monetary policy produces an inflationary bias and excessive spending on public goods. The main policy making suggestion deduced from their study is that fiscal coordination or fiscal centralization may discipline the macroeconomics policy in the EMU member countries. The practical response to these studies calling for tighter coordination between monetary and fiscal policies at the European level was the creation of the SGP (Stability and Growth Pact) that limited the maneuver area for fiscal authorities in their expansionary fiscal policy driven by the government deficit (Bini Smaghi and Casini, 2000). Another important thing for fiscal policy is that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The fiscal policy took the driverà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s scat in the policy formulation of the governments so as to achie ve their objectives. In modern day economics fiscal policy is quite ahead of monetary policy and other policies as an instrument in the hands of the governments to achieve their desired economic and non-economic resultsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (K.K. Dewett, 2005). In the case of a cooperative game only among the fiscal policies of the EMU member countries, in which the ECB stays outside the fear of inflationary pressure due to an excessive expansionary fiscal policy will determine very small welfare gains. Their policy implication of straightforward; the SGP might have a very strong limiting impact on the efforts for a positive or active cooperation in EMU which would lead to more output and employment but will deal with interest rates and exchanges rate disturbances, which alter the equilibrium in investment and saving in EMU (Eichengreen and von Hagen, 1996). Cooper and Kempf (2000) analyze monetary and fiscal policy interactions in a two country model, with and without a monetary union, where the monetary and fiscal authorities agree on the macroeconomic goals. When the monetary authority has leadership, a monetary union is pareto-efficient. However, if the fiscal authorities have leadership, a monetary union is Pareto efficient only if the aggregate shocks are highly correlated. The variables of monetary and fiscal policies using ordinary least square (OLS) technique and found out that monetary influences are much larger and more predictable than fiscal influences. This result was confirmed with the use of beta coefficients that changes in monetary action were greater than that of fiscal action. In essence, greater reliance should be placed on monetary actions (Ajayi, 1974). Elliot (1975) examined the relative importance of money supply changes compared to government expenditure changes in explaining fluctuations in nominal GNP. He was of the opinion that this area of study had continuing capacity to provide debate among economists. He estimated St. Louis equation with the use of OLS technique. The equation is of the form. where à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Y represents the change in nominal GNP, à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  M represents the change in money supply while à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  E represents the change in high employment federal government expenditures. Tabellini (1986), analyzed the coordination between a single monetary authority and several independent fiscal authorities in the context of a game model, shows that policy coordination between the fiscal authorities and the common monetary authority increases the speed of convergence toward the common steady state as compared to the outcome of the non-cooperative game. We reviewed previous researches focusing on the actual situation in EMU, where countries have common currency and separate fiscal authorities that run independent fiscal policies. In this paper we searched to interpret the implication of monetary and fiscal authorities arisen from the well known and widely accepted research published in last decades. In fact from our literature review of resulted that, independently from the type of shocks, coordination between fiscal national authorities is associated with larger governmental and social benefits if above mentioned requirements for the policy coordination are met. Topic analysis Fiscal policy is a policy which is an important tool for managing the affairs between government income and expenditure. Fiscal policy uses for maintaining balance between public income and expenditure. It tends to expand the economy in the short run that is under conditions on of less than full employment. Higher spending and lower taxes tend to increase aggregate demand, output employment and inflation. Because of the financial reaction of interest rates and exchange rates the expansionary impact is reduced and may eventually disappear. Fiscal policy is the combination of taxes and public expenditure. Revenue consists (tax) of two parts. Such as: Tax revenue Non-tax revenue Tax revenue included direct tax and indirect tax. Non tax revenue included administrative revenue, commercial revenue, grants and fits revenue. The revenue is shown by a figure: Government Revenue Tax Revenue Non tax Revenue Direct tax Indirect tax Administrative Revenue Commercial Revenue Grants and Gifts Expenditure is another important segment of the fiscal management of the government. Expenditure includes educational expenses, welfare defense, subsidy, health and population control finance collection department etc. Most expenditure sector for government of defense. It the government approaches a sound fiscal policy a country can develop with rapidly. Government use budgets to plan and control their fiscal affairs. A budget represents for a given year, the planned expenditures of government programs and the expected revenues from tax system. The budget typically contains list of special programs (education, welfare, defense as well as tax sources. Budgets are of three kinds. These are : Surplus budget : A budget surplus occurs when all taxes and other revenues exceed government expenditures for a year. Deficit budget: A budget deficit incurred when expenditures exceed government taxes. Balanced budget: When revenues and expenditures are equal during a given period is called balance budget. The government budget serves major economic functions its is a device by which the government can set national priorities, allocating national output among private and public consumption and investment and providing incentives to increase or reduce output in particular sectors. From a macroeconomic point of view it is through fiscal policy that the budget affects the key macroeconomic goals. We will review the major ways in which government can employ fiscal policy and we will examine the practical shortcomings that have become apparent by actual, structural and cyclical budgets. The actual budget records the actual dollar expenditures, revenues and deficits in a given period. The structural budget includes what government revenues expenditures and deficits would be if the economy were operating at potential output. The cyclical budget is the difference between the actual budget and the structural budget. It measures the impact of the business cycle on the budget taking into account the effect of the cycle on revenues expenditures and the deficit. Objectives of fiscal policy The followings are the main objectives of fiscal policy Economic growth Full employment Price stability and Social justice Economic growth: Economic growth is nothing but an increase in the economic activities or economic variables over a period of time. Full employment: This helps the economy to move up and increases the economy. Price stability: It helps to make price stable. Social justice: The government can achieve social justice by imposing higher rate progressive taxation on the rice and giving subsidies and concession to the lower income and middle income groups. Fiscal policy work: Government directly and indirectly influence the way resources are used in the economy. The basic equation of national income accounting helps show now this happens: GDP = C+I+G+NX Here, GDP refers gross domestic product the value of all final goods and services produced in the economy. Right side shown consumption (c), (I) investment, (G) Government purchase, and (NX) Net export. This equation makes it evident that government affect economic activity (GDP), controlling à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Gà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ directly and influencing C.I. and NX indirectly, through changes in taxes, transfers and spending. Fiscal policy that increases aggregate demand directly through an increase in government spending is typically called expansionary or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“looseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. By contrast fiscal policy is often considered concretionary or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“tightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? if it reduces demand via lower spending. How Fiscal policy influences aggregate Demand: The government can influence the behavior of the economy not only with monitory policy but also with fiscal policy. Fiscal policy refers to the governments choices regarding the overall level of government purchase or taxes. Changes in Government purchase: Policy makes can influence aggregate demand with fiscal policy. An increase in government purchases or a cut in taxes shifts the aggregate demand curve to the right. A decrease in government purchases or on increase in taxes shits the aggregate demand curve to the left. The multiplier effect: Multiplier effect the additional shifts in aggregate demand that result when expansionary fiscal policy increases income and there by increases consumer spending. Multiplier = 1+MPC+MPC2+MPC3+. MPC=Marginal prosperity to consume This multiplier tells us the demand for goods and services that each dollar of government purchases generates. To simplify this equation for the multiplier recall from math class that this expression is an indefinite geometric series. For between-1 and +V1 1+X+X2+X3 + 1/(1-X) In our case, X = MPC, Thus Multiplier = 1 (1-MPC) The crowding out effect: Crowding out effect the effect in aggregate demand that results when expansionary fiscal policy raises the interest rate and thereby reduces investment spending the effect of the increase in money demand is shown in panel (a) of + Because the fed has not changed the money supply, the vertical supply curve remains the same. When the higher level of income shits the money demand curve to the right from MD to MD2, the interest must rice from r1 to r2 keep supply and demand in Balance. This crowding out effect partially affects the impact of government purchases on aggregate demand, as illustrated in panel (b). The increase in government purchase initially shifts the aggregate demand curve from AD1 to AD2 but once crowding out takes place, the aggregate demand curve drop back to AD3. How fiscal policy might affect aggregate supply : Most economists believe that the short run macro economic affects of fiscal policy work primarily through aggregate demand. Fiscal policy can potentially also influence the quantity of goods and services supplied For instant consider the affects of tax changes on aggregate supply. One of the ten principles of economics that people respond to incentives. When government policy makers cut tax rates, workers get to keep more of each dollar they earn. So, they have a greater incentive to work and produce goods and services. If they respond to this incentive the quantity of goods and services supplied will be greater at each price level and the aggregate supply curve will shift to the right. Some economists called supply sides have argued, that the influence of tax cuts on aggregate supply is large. According to some supply-siders, the influence is so large that a cut in tax rates will stimulate enough additional production and income that tax revenue will actually increase. While the supply-sides affects of taxes are important to consider. They are usually not large enough to cause tax revenue to rise when tax rates fall. Economic development in Bangladesh: economic development is one of the most inclusive concept of development Economic development includes to the raising of the productive capacity of a country through the introduction of policies designed to enhance the productivity of land, labor and capital raise standards of living and alleviate the poverty of the inhabitants of a country. At a minimum , economics development has a growth and a distributive dimension. Since 1990 Bangladesh has seen major improvements including some development indicates such as: rates of economic growth, poverty, education, population, regulation, infant morality, and literacy. Bangladesh has been less successful manage wealth and income, inequlaties, infrastructure problems, energy supplies, and the broader management of economic development. Bangladesh could become a middle income country by 2016 it refers in a recently released up beat report (2007) to make middle income country it needs to deepen its industrial base, become more integrated into global markets and priorities urban economic development as a key driver of growth. 1975-2006 per capital GDP has more than doubled with a per capital GDP growth rate of 3.3% par-annum. 1992-2005 poverty rate declined from 58 to 40 percent. Since 1974 Bangladesh achieve food self sufficiency in rice but productivity remains low. Those most affected are the poor and landless people because their have no ability to buy. 1990s and 2000s real agricultural wage rates increased but the national information sector incomes has been decline (50% of total work force). 1990 to 2006 merchandise exports ratio increased to 6%-18%. At present garments, textiles, pharmaceuticals, food and leather are contributed 16% to national GDP up from 5% in the 1980s. At present Bangladesh has existed with energy supply inadequate, infrastructure problem and soon. Besides these problems Bangladesh develops her economy day by day. Dhaka will move up the mega-city scale to become one of the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s largest cities by the 2020s. Urbanization is rapid and expected to reach 60% of the population by 2050. Since independence in 1971 Bangladesh try to develop her economic growth and she successes most of the sector. Many ways are followed by the government for economic growth. All of them a sound fiscal policy is the most important way for develop a country. Because of fiscal policy influence the national saving, investment, aggregate demand and supply. And saving investment, demand, supply are the main indicator to develop a country. So, rapidly a country develop are depended on a sound fiscal policy. Findings Fiscal policy is an important tool for managing the affairs relating government income and expenditure fiscal policy uses by the government for balancing between buldie income and expenditure. Fiscal policy can be defined as the conscious policy of a government so as achieve certain predetermined socio-economic objectives with the help of public revenue, public expenditure. It can also be defined as the policy of the state, so as to achieve certain desired economic and non-economic objectives, and avoid undesired effects, with the help of public revenue, public expenditure. Mrs ursulatticks, says, fiscal policy is concerned with the manner in which the different elements of public finance, while still primarily concerned with carrying out their own deficits may collectively be geared to forward the aim off economic policy public revenue consists of two parts. These are direct tax and indirect tax. From these two parts a large share of revenue is earned. For bearing the government exp enditure, Government expenditure includes educational expenses, welfare, defense, subsidy, health and population control, finance collection department, fiscal policy is controled by budget. Budget consists of surplus, deficit and balanced budget. In order to achieve long-term goals, Bangladesh needs to address the following: eliminate the budget deficit and free itself from its dependence on foreign aid; boast and diversity agricultural productivity in order to achieve food self-sufficiency; implement measures to further alleviate poverty and control the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s high population growth, Promote private investment, promote the privatization of state owned enterprises, liberalize trade, institute financial reforms and other structural adjustment, measures, and cultivate export-oriented industries, and -maximize administrative efficiency and simplify procedures. Public expenditure promotes economic development in the following way- Social and economic over heads: Economic development is handicapped in under developed country on account of the lack of the necessary infrastructure. Economic overheads like the roads and railways, irrigation and power projects are essential for speeding up economic development. Social overheads like hospitals, schools and colleges and technical institutions too are essential. Money for these things can not come out of private sources. Public expenditure has to buildup the economic and social overhead. Balanced Regional Growth It is considered desirable to bring about a balanced regional growth. This requires huge amounts for which reliance has to be placed on public expenditure. Development of Agriculture and Industry Government to incur lot of expenditure in the agricultural sector, e.g. on irrigation and power, seed forms, fertilizer factories, warehouses, etc. and in the industrial sector by setting up public enterprises like the steel plants, heavy electrics, heavy engineering, machine making factories etc. All these enterprises are calculated to promote economic development. Subsidies and Grants The central government gives grants to state government and the state government to local authorities to induce them to incur some desirable expenditure. Subsidies have also to be given to encourage the production of certain goods especially for export to earn much needed foreign exchange. The nations savings and investment balance is primarily affected by the structural budget. Effects to change government saving should focus on the structural budget because no durable change comes simply from increased taxes due to an economic boom. Policy Recommendation The discussion about the fiscal policy and management that has been occured in the previous pages involve some limitations. Owing to immobility of labour, the policy may fail in creating additional employment. Road Making, for example, cannot absorb the unemployed textil works. Besides, in a democratic state, the public may bitterly oppose heavily surplus budgets during period of prosperity and may demand tax reduction. Sufficient care well also have to be taken to ensure that the spending by the state is in such spheres only which would not have been taken up by private investors, otherwise public investment does nothing more than merely replace private investment. Moreover, public spending should not increase the difficulties of private by raining the cast of construction materials, building labour etc. So, every government most maintain some recommended policy that has been give in the below: -Raise enough revenue to finance essential expenditure without recourse to excessive public sector borrowing. -Raise the revenue in wise that might be equitable and could minimize its disincentive effects on economic activities. -Do, so in ways that do not deviate substantially from international norms. Changing public expenditure on public works and other government purchases. Changes in government contribution to the income stream trough transfer payments that is employment benefits etc. An appropriate international economy policy. Every government must maintain a sustainable fiscal policy, which includes a deficit that is manageable in the short term and the associated public debt is creats being serviceable. The case studies show that sound fiscal policy, involves much more than this. The economic function of government is not merely to maintain a stable macro environment, its primary responsibility to its citizens is to foster the general welfare. A deficit target should not be set that undermines a governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to achieve the letter. Government should encourage expenditure in productive sector and exercise austerity in public expenditure and restrain oven unproductive outlays. Conclusion Every country need fiscal policy for their economic development. The two wings of fiscal policy are government revenues and government expenditure. The governments fiscal policy can contribute to the control of inflation either by reducing private spending by increasing the taxes of on private sector or by decreasing government expenditure or combining both the elements. Automatic fiscal stabilizes help moderate economic fluctuation. The contribution discretionary fiscal policy can make in combating economic recession in more debatable. Fiscal policy is also called the control cyclical management of public finance may be operated both through public revenues and public expenditure. Between these two, the expenditure method is far more effective in stimulating business activity. Moreover the revenue method leaves the entire initiative to the business community and is also not capable of directing expenditure into changed which may be particularly desired however best results will be a chieved if both of them are combined. Fiscal policy influence the national saving, investment, aggregate demand and supply. Saving investment, demand, supply are the main indicator to develop a country. So, rapidly a country develop are depended on a sound fiscal policy.

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Essay

Diagnosis: 300.09 (F41.8) Other Specified Anxiety Disorder, with full criteria for generalized anxiety not met A 27-year-old electrician is describing symptoms that do not meet the full criteria for any of the disorders in the anxiety disorders diagnostic class of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Therefore, a diagnosis of other specified anxiety disorder is appropriate. However, it should be noted that the symptoms described are highly characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and meet 5 out of the 6 criteria for GAD. More information or further development is needed to determine if the client has GAD. For one, the client claims that he has many worries—e.g., worries that involve the health of his parents and his social approval level at work. The cardinal symptoms of GAD, which are highlighted in the first criterion in the DSM-5, are excessive anxiety and worry. 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